This variable is aggregated up to the country level by taking a simple average over exchanges. Stock price volatility, percent Definition: The stock price volatility index is the day standard deviation of the return on the national stock market index.

A mutual fund is a type of managed collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. Data taken from a variety of sources such as Investment Company Institute and national sources. Premium data are taken from various issues of Sigma reports Swiss Re. A pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income.

Data taken from a variety of sources such as AXCO and national sources. Nonbank financial institutions assets, percent of GDP Definition Stock market index Definition: Stock market indices are weighted averages of the prices of the shares traded on an exchange. In countries with multiple stock markets, the values show the index of the largest stock exchange in terms of capitalization.

Innovation measures. The first sub-index is based on five pillars: Institutions, Human capital and research, Infrastructure, Market sophistication, and Business sophistication. The second sub-index is based on two pillars: Knowledge and technology outputs and Creative outputs. Each pillar is divided into sub-pillars and each sub-pillar is composed of individual indicators.

The full report, data, and documentation are available at global innovation index. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit.

Information technology exports, percent of total goods exports Definition: Information and communication technology goods exports include computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment, consumer electronic equipment, electronic components, and other information and technology goods miscellaneous. Patent applications by residents Definition: Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem.

A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years. Economic freedom indexes. It also assesses the likelihood that private property will be expropriated and analyzes the independence of the judiciary, the existence of corruption within the judiciary, and the ability of individuals and businesses to enforce contracts. Higher index values denote more certain legal protection of property. For countries that are not covered in the CPI the freedom from corruption score is determined by using information from internationally recognized and reliable sources.

Higher index values denote lower level of corruption. Fiscal freedom index Definition: The Fiscal freedom index measures the tax burden imposed by government. It is composed of three quantitative factors: the top marginal tax rate on individual income, the top marginal tax rate on corporate income, and the total tax burden as a percentage of GDP.

Labor freedom index Definition: The Labor freedom index is composed of six quantitative factors: ratio of minimum wage to the average value added per worker, hindrance to hiring additional workers, rigidity of hours, difficulty of firing redundant employees, legally mandated notice period, and mandatory severance pay. Monetary freedom index Definition: The score for the Monetary freedom index is based on two factors: the weighted average inflation rate for the most recent three years and price controls.

Higher index values denote price stability without microeconomic intervention. Trade freedom index Definition: The Trade freedom index is based on two indicators: the trade-weighted average tariff rate and non-tariff barriers including quantity, price, regulatory, customs and investment restrictions, and direct government intervention.

Investment freedom index Definition: The Investment freedom index evaluates a variety of investment restrictions burdensome bureaucracy, restrictions on land ownership, expropriation of investments without fair compensation, foreign exchange controls, capital control, security problems, a lack of basic investment infrastructure, etc.

Financial freedom index Definition: The Financial freedom index evaluates: the extent of government regulation of financial services, the degree of state intervention in banks and other financial firms through direct and indirect ownership, the extent of financial and capital market development, government influence on the allocation of credit and openness to foreign competition. Higher index values denote banking efficiency and independence from government control and interference in the financial sector.

Economic freedom, overall index Definition: The Overall index of economic freedom has ten components grouped into four broad categories: Rule of Law; Limited Government; Regulatory Efficiency and Open Markets.

The overall economic freedom is scored on a scale of 0 to , where represents the maximum freedom. Population size, in millions Definition: Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

Percent urban population Definition: Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.

Population density, people per square km Definition: Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

Population ages 65 and above, percent of total Definition: Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

Population ages , percent of total Definition: Total population below the age of 14 as a percentage of the total population. Female population, percent of total Definition: Female population is the percentage of the population that is female. Rural population, percent of total population Definition: Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices.

It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population. Dependent people as percent of the working age population Definition: Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents--people younger than 15 or older than to the working-age population--those ages Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per working-age population.

Refugee population Definition: Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its Protocol, the Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection.

Asylum seekers--people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers--are excluded. Palestinian refugees are people and their descendants whose residence was Palestine between June and May and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Country of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted. Migrant population, percent of total population Definition: International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population--people who have residence in one country but were born in another country.

When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population--that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside--are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants.

Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from on are based on the census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years.

For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data. Population growth, percent Definition: Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage.

Health spending and outcomes. Health spending per capita Definition: Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

Life expectancy, in years Definition: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. The number of crude births per people, per year Definition: Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1, population estimated at midyear.

Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration. Death rate, per people Definition: Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1, population estimated at midyear. Fertility rate, births per woman Definition: Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.

Cases of Tuberculosis per , people Definition: Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per , population. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously. Percent rural population with access to drinking water Definition: The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination.

Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. Percent urban population with access to drinking water Definition: Access to an improved water source, urban, refers to the percentage of the urban population using an improved drinking water source.

The improved drinking water source includes piped water on premises piped household water connection located inside the users' dwelling, plot or yard , and other improved drinking water sources public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection.

Suicide mortality rate, per , population Definition: Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per , population. Percent of children ages months with DPT immunization Definition: Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis or whooping cough , and tetanus DPT after receiving three doses of vaccine.

Percent of one-year-old children with Hepatitis B immunization Definition: Child immunization rate, hepatitis B is the percentage of children ages months who received hepatitis B vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey.

A child is considered adequately immunized after three doses. Percent of children ages months with measles immunization Definition: Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. Covid pandemic.

New Covid cases per million people Definition: New confirmed Covid cases per million people during a month. Total Covid cases, end of month Definition: The total number of Covid cases at the end of month.

Total Covid cases per million people Definition: Total Covid cases per million people at the end of month. New Covid tests per thousand people Definition: New Covid tests per thousand people during a month.

Total Covid tests, end of month Definition: Total tests for Covid at the end of month. Total Covid tests per thousand people Definition: Total Covid tests per thousand people at the end of month. New Covid vaccinations per month Definition: The number of new Covid vaccinations per month.

Total Covid vaccinations, end of month Definition: Total vaccinations for Covid at the end of month. Total Covid vaccinations per hundred people Definition: Total Covid vaccinations per hundred people. Total people vaccinated against Covid Definition: Total people vaccinated against Covid at the end of month. Covid vaccinated people per hundred people Definition: Total people vaccinated against Covid per hundred people. Total fully vaccinated people against Covid Definition: Total fully-vaccinated people against Covid.

Covid fully vaccinated people per hundred people Definition: Covid fully vaccinated people per hundred people. New deaths from Covid during a month Definition: The number of confirmed new deaths from Covid during a month.

New Covid deaths per million people Definition: New confirmed deaths from Covid per million people during a month. Total Covid deaths, end of month Definition: The total number of deaths from Covid at the end of month. Total Covid deaths per million Definition: Total Covid deaths per million people. Covid reproduction rate Definition: The expected number of Covid cases directly generated by one Covid case in a population.

Covid stringency index Definition: The index varies between 0 and that records the strictness of government policies regarding Covid pandemic. Child and maternal mortality. Maternal mortality per , live births Definition: Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per , live births.

The data are estimated with a regression model using information on the proportion of maternal deaths among non-AIDS deaths in women ages , fertility, birth attendants, and GDP measured using purchasing power parities PPPs. Neonates dying before 28 days of age, per 1, births Definition: Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age, per 1, live births in a given year. Infant deaths per live births Definition: Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1, live births in a given year.

Deaths of children under five years of age per live births Definition: Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1, that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year. Deaths of female children under five years of age per live births Definition: Under-five mortality rate, female is the probability per 1, that a newborn female baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to female age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

Deaths of male children under five years of age per live births Definition: Under-five mortality rate, male is the probability per 1, that a newborn male baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to male age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

Healthcare resources. Hospital beds Definition: The total number of hospital beds in the country. Hospital beds per 1, people Definition: The number of hospital beds per 1, residents of the country. Nurse to hospital bed ratio Definition: The ratio of the number of professional and associate professional nurses to the number of hospital beds. Doctors per 1, people Definition: The number of practicing physicians per 1, residents of the country.

Nurses per 1, people Definition: Number of professional and associate professional nurses per 1, residents of the country. Midwives per 1, people Definition: The number of practicing midwives per 1, residents of the country. Midwives per 1, live births Definition: The number of practicing midwives per 1, live births.

Dentists per 1, people Definition: The number of practicing dentists per 1, residents of the country. Pharmacists per 1, people Definition: The number of practicing pharmacists per 1, residents of the country. Physiotherapists per 1, people Definition: The number of practicing physiotherapists per 1, residents of the country. Computed tomography scanners per million people Definition: The number of computed tomography scanners per million residents of the country. Magnetic resonance imaging units per million people Definition: The number of magnetic resonance imaging units per million residents of the country.

Mammographs per million people Definition: The number of mammographs per million residents of the country. Inequality and poverty. Gini income inequality index Definition: Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or, in some cases, consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of implies perfect inequality.

Poverty, percent of population Definition: National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line s.

National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. For economies for which the data are from EU-SILC, the reported year is the income reference year, which is the year before the survey year. Poverty ratio, percent living on less than 1. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Poverty ratio, percent living on less than 5. Percent income earned by the top 10 percent of earners Definition: Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Education spending and outcomes. Public spending on education, percent of GDP Definition: General government expenditure on education current, capital, and transfers is expressed as a percentage of GDP.

It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Public spending on education, percent of public spending Definition: General government expenditure on education current, capital, and transfers is expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors including health, education, social services, etc. Literacy rate Definition: Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Female literacy rate, ages Definition: Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. Male literacy rate, ages Definition: Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Youth literacy rate, ages Definition: Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. Student teacher ratio, primary school Definition: Primary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in primary school.

Primary school completion rate Definition: Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants enrollments minus repeaters in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education.

Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education. Primary school starting age Definition: Primary school starting age is the age at which students would enter primary education, assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied full-time throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade.

Ratio of female to male pupils in primary school Definition: Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at primary level in public and private schools. Ratio of female to male students in secondary school Definition: Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in secondary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at secondary level in public and private schools.

Ratio of female to male students in tertiary level education Definition: Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in tertiary education is the ratio of women to men enrolled at tertiary level in public and private schools. Preprimary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown.

Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school. Primary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown.

Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music. Secondary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown.

Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. Tertiary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown.

Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level. Trained teachers in primary education, percent of total Definition: Trained teachers in primary education are the percentage of primary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training pre-service or in-service required for teaching in a given country.

Globalization indexes. Globalization index Definition: The overall index of globalization covers the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization. Higher values denote greater globalization.

More information and the original data can be obtained here. Economic globalization index Definition: Economic globalization has two dimensions: actual economic flows and restrictions to trade and capital. The sub-index on actual economic flows includes data on trade, FDI, and portfolio investment. The sub-index on restrictions takes into account hidden import barriers, mean tariff rates, taxes on international trade as a share of current revenue , and an index of capital controls.

Political globalization index Definition: The degree of political globalization is determined by the number of embassies and high commissions in a country, the number of international organizations to which the country is a member, the number of UN peace missions a country participated in, and the number of treaties signed between two or more states. Social globalization index Definition: Social globalization has three dimensions: personal contacts, information flows, and cultural proximity.

The sub-index on personal contacts includes international telecom traffic, degree of tourism, transfers, foreign population, and number of international letters. The sub-index on information flows includes number of internet users, share of households with a television set, and trade in newspapers. Shares of world totals. Previously Published Estimates. Data Archive Previously published estimates contain historical data and have since been revised.

What is Gross Domestic Product? Learn More. Miscellaneous Reports. Download Reports. Photo Gallery. Tender Notices. Constitution Day. India Code Portal. Father of the Nation. Digital India Awards. Current Surveys. In cases where a country experiences considerable distortion in the conversion rates, the United Nations Statistics Division uses price-adjusted rates of exchange PARE as an alternative to the exchange rates reported by the IMF or UN operational rates of exchange. The conversion based on PARE corrects the distorting effects of uneven price changes that are not well reflected in the other conversion rates.

Consequently, unrealistic levels in GDP and other national accounts aggregates expressed in US Dollars may have been adjusted for certain time periods to improve the economic analysis at national, regional and local levels. It should be noted that the international comparability of data expressed in US Dollars between countries may not be entirely justified because the exchange rates applied may, in practice, only be used for the conversion of a limited number of external transactions and may not be relevant for the much larger portion of GDP covering domestic transactions.

For more detail on the methodology for data estimation please see the information in the following PDF document. Undertakes methodological research on issues on the research agenda of the SNA in collaboration with the Intersecretariat Working Group on National Accounts ISWGNA Supports the implementation programme of the SNA by developing and updating supporting normative standards, training material and compilation guidance for the implementation of national accounts and supporting economic statistics and maintaining a knowledge base on economic statistics.